Initialisation

Basic initialisation (i0)

Draw at random $N$ agents (positions) in the search space, according to an uniform distribution.

$N=\max\left(40+2\sqrt{D},\sqrt{40^{2}+\left(D+2\right)^{2}}\right)\tag{1}$

where $D$ is the dimension of the search space. Note that $N$ needs to be at least equal to $D+1$.